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Frederik Willem de Klerk (/dəˈklɜːrk, dəˈklɛərk/, Afrikaans: [ˈfrɪədərək ˈvələm də ˈklɛrk]; born 18 March 1936) is a South African politician who served as State President of South Africa from 1989 to 1994 and as Deputy President from 1994 to 1996. As South Africa's last head of state from the era of white-minority rule, he and his government dismantled the apartheid system and introduced universal suffrage. Ideologically a conservative and an economic liberal, he led the National Party from 1989 to 1997.

Born in Johannesburg, British Dominion of South Africa, to an influential Afrikaner family, de Klerk studied at Potchefstroom University before pursuing a career in law. Joining the National Party, to which he had family ties, he was elected to parliament and sat in the white-minority government of P. W. Botha, holding a succession of ministerial posts. As a minister, he supported and enforced apartheid, a system of racial segregation that privileged white South Africans. After Botha resigned in 1989, de Klerk replaced him, first as leader of the National Party and then as State President. Although observers expected him to continue Botha's defence of apartheid, de Klerk decided to end the policy. He was aware that growing ethnic animosity and violence was leading South Africa into a racial civil war. Amid this violence, the state security forces committed widespread human rights abuses and encouraged violence between Xhosa and Zulu, although de Klerk later denied sanctioning such actions. He permitted anti-apartheid marches to take place, legalised a range of previously banned anti-apartheid political parties, and freed imprisoned anti-apartheid activists, including Nelson Mandela. He also dismantled South Africa's nuclear weapons program.

De Klerk negotiated with Mandela to fully dismantle apartheid and establish a transition to universal suffrage. In 1993, he publicly apologised for apartheid's harmful effects, although not for apartheid itself. He oversaw the 1994 non-racial election in which Mandela led the African National Congress (ANC) to victory; de Klerk's National Party took second place with 20% of the vote. After the election, de Klerk became a Deputy President in Mandela's ANC-led coalition, the Government of National Unity. In this position, he supported the government's liberal economic policies. De Klerk had desired a total amnesty for political crimes committed under apartheid and opposed the Truth and Reconciliation Commission set up to investigate past human rights abuses by both pro and anti-apartheid groups. His working relationship with Mandela was strained, although he later spoke fondly of him. In May 1996, after the National Party objected to the new constitution, de Klerk withdrew it from the coalition government; the party disbanded the following year and reformed as the New National Party. In 1997, he retired from active politics and since then has lectured internationally.

De Klerk is a controversial figure. The recipient of a wide range of awards—including the Nobel Peace Prize—he was widely praised for dismantling apartheid and bringing universal suffrage to South Africa. Conversely, anti-apartheid activists criticised him for offering only a qualified apology for apartheid and for ignoring the human rights abuses carried out by his state security forces, while South Africa's white right-wing claimed that by abandoning apartheid he had betrayed the interests of the country's white minority.

• 1Early life and Education
• 2State President
• 3Vice Presidency
• 8References

Early life and Education[edit]

Childhood: 1936–1954[edit]

F. W. de Klerk was born on 18 March 1936 in Mayfair, a suburb of Johannesburg.^[1] His parents were Johannes 'Jan' de Klerk and Hendrina Cornelia Coetzer – 'her forefather was a Kutzer who stems from Austria'.^[2][3] He was his parents' second son, having a brother, Willem, who was eight years his senior.^[1] De Klerk's first language is Afrikaans and the earliest of his distant ancestors to arrive in what is now South Africa did so in the late 1680s.^[4]

De Klerk's family had played a leading role in Afrikaner society;^[5] they had longstanding affiliations with South Africa's National Party.^[6] His paternal great-grandfather, Jan van Rooy, had been a senator, while his paternal grandfather, Willem, had been a clergyman who fought in the Anglo-Boer War^[4] and who stood twice, unsuccessfully, as a National Party candidate.^[7] His paternal aunt's husband was J. G. Strijdom, a former Prime Minister.^[8] His own father, Jan de Klerk, was also a Senator, having served as the secretary of the National Party in Transvaal, president of the senate for seven years, and a member of the country's cabinet for fifteen years under three Prime Ministers.^[9] In this environment, de Klerk was exposed to politics from childhood.^[10] He and family members would be encouraged to hold family debates; his more conservative opinions would be challenged by his brother Willem, who was sympathetic to the more liberal, 'enlightened' faction of the National Party.^[1] Willem became a political analyst and later split from the National Party to found the liberal Democratic Party.^[11]

The name 'de Klerk' is derived from Le Clerc, Le Clercq and De Clercq, and is of French Huguenot origin^[12] (meaning 'clergyman' or 'literate' in old French). De Klerk noted that he is also of Dutch descent,^[13][14] with an Indian ancestor from the late 1600s or early 1700s.^[15] He is also said to be descended from the Khoi interpreter known as Krotoa or Eva.^[16]

De Klerk's upbringing was secure and comfortable.^[17]

When de Klerk was twelve years old, the apartheid system was officially institutionalised by the South African government;^[18] his father had been one of its originators.^[19] He therefore was, according to his brother, 'one of a generation that grew up with the concept of apartheid'.^[18] He was inculturated in the norms and values of Afrikaner society, including festivals like Kruger Day, loyalty to the Afrikaner nation, and stories of the 'age of injustice' that the Afrikaner faced under the British.^[5] He was brought up in the Gereformeerde Kerk, the smallest and most socially conservative of South Africa's three Dutch Reformed Churches.^[20]

The de Klerk family moved around South Africa during his childhood, and he changed schools seven times over seven years.^[1] He eventually became a boarder at the Monument High School in Krugersdorp, where he graduated with a first-class pass in 1953.^[1] He was nevertheless disappointed not to get the four distinctions he was hoping for.^[1]

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University and legal career[edit]

Between 1954 and 1958, de Klerk studied at Potchefstroom University, graduating with both a Bachelor of Arts and a Bachelor of Law.^[21][11] He later noted that during this legal training, he 'became accustomed to thinking in terms of legal principles'.^[22] While studying there, he became editor of the student newspaper, vice-chair of the student council, and a member of the Afrikaanse Studentebond's national executive council.^[21] At university, he was initiated into the Broederbond, a secret society for the Afrikaner social elite.^[23] As a student, he played both tennis and hockey and was known as 'something of a ladies' man'.^[21] At the university, he began a relationship with Marike Willemse, the daughter of a professor at the University of Pretoria.^[24] The couple married in 1959, when de Klerk was 23 and his wife 22.^[25]

After university, de Klerk pursued a legal career, becoming an articled clerk with the firm Pelser in Klerksdorp.^[21] Relocating to Pretoria, he became an articled clerk for another law firm, Mac-Robert.^[26]In 1962, he set up his own law partnership in Vereeniging, Transvaal, which he built into a successful business over ten years.^[26]During this period, he involved himself in a range of other activities. He was the national chair of the Junior Rapportryers for two years, and chair of the Law Society of Vaal Triangle.^[26] He was also on the council of the local technikon, on the council of his church, and on a local school board.^[26]

Early political career[edit]

In 1972, his alma mater offered him a chair in its law faculty, which he accepted.^[27] Within a matter of days he was also approached by members of the National Party, who requested that he stand for the party at Vereeniging. De Klerk's candidature was successful and in November he was elected to the House of Assembly.^[26] There, he established a reputation as a formidable debater.^[26] He took on a number of roles in the party and government. He became the information officer of the Transvaal National Party, responsible for its propaganda output,^[28] and helped to establish a new National Party youth movement.^[28] He joined various party parliamentary study groups, including those on the Bantustans, labour, justice, and home affairs.^[28] As a member of various parliamentary groups, de Klerk went on several foreign visits, to Israel, Germany, the United Kingdom, and United States.^[28] It was in the latter in 1976 that he observed what he later described as the pervasive racism of U.S. society, later noting that he 'saw more racial incidents in one month there than in South Africa in a year'.^[29] In South Africa, de Klerk also played a senior role in two select committees, one formulating a policy on opening hotels to non-whites and the other formulating a new censorship law that was less strict than the one that had preceded it.^[28]

In 1975, Prime Minister John Vorster predicted that de Klerk would one day become leader of South Africa.^[30] Vorster planned to promote de Klerk to the position of a deputy minister in January 1976, but instead the job went to Andries Treurnicht.^[30] In April 1978, de Klerk was promoted to the position of Minister of Social Welfare and Pensions.^[30] In this role, he restored full autonomy to sporting control bodies which had for a time been under the jurisdiction of the government.^[30] As minister of Post and Telecommunications he finalised contracts that oversaw the electrification of that sector.^[30] As Minister of Mining he formalised a policy on coal exports and the structuring of Eskom and the Atomic Energy Corporation.^[30] He then became Minister of the Interior, he oversaw the repeal of the Mixed Marriages Act.^[30]In 1981, de Klerk was awarded the Decoration for Meritorious Service for his work in the government.^[31] As education minister between 1984 and 1989 he upheld the apartheid system in South Africa's schools,^[23] and extended the department to cover all racial groups.^[30]

For most of his career, de Klerk had a very conservative reputation,^[32] and was seen as someone who would obstruct change in South Africa.^[33] He had been a forceful proponent of apartheid's system of racial segregation and was perceived as an advocate of the white minority's interests.^[34]While serving under P. W. Botha's government, de Klerk was never part of Botha's inner circle.^[31]

State President[edit]

P. W. Botha resigned as leader of the National Party after an apparent stroke, and de Klerk defeated Botha's preferred successor, finance minister Barend du Plessis, in the race to succeed him. On 2 February 1989, he was elected leader of the National Party.^[35] He defeated main rival Barend du Plessis to the position by a slim majority of eight votes, 69-61.^[36] Soon after, he called for the introduction of a new South African constitution, hinting that it would need to provide greater concession to non-white racial groups.^[23] After becoming party leader, de Klerk extended his foreign contacts.^[37] He travelled to London, where he met with British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher. Although she opposed the anti-apartheid movement's calls for economic sanctions against South Africa, at the meeting she urged de Klerk to release the imprisoned anti-apartheid activist Nelson Mandela.^[38] He also expressed a desire to meet with representatives of the U.S. government in Washington D.C., although American Secretary of StateJames Baker informed him that the U.S. government considered it inopportune to have de Klerk meet with PresidentGeorge H. W. Bush.^[38]

Becoming State President[edit]

Botha resigned on 14 August, and de Klerk was named acting state president until 20 September, when he was elected to a full five-year term as state president. ^[23] After he became acting president, ANC leaders spoke out against him, believing that he would be no different from his predecessors;^[23] he was widely regarded as a staunch supporter of apartheid.^[39] The prominent anti-apartheid activist Desmond Tutu shared this assessment, stating: 'I don't think we've got to even begin to pretend that there is any reason for thinking that we are entering a new phase. It's just musical chairs'.^[40] Tutu and Allan Boesak had been planning a protest march in Cape Town, which the security chiefs wanted to prevent. De Klerk nevertheless turned down their proposal to ban it, agreeing to let the march proceed and stating that 'the door to a new South Africa is open, it is not necessary to batter it down'.^[41] The march took place and was attended by approximately 30,000 people.^[42] Further protest marches followed in Grahamstown, Johannesburg, Pretoria, and Durban.^[43] De Klerk later noted that his security forces could not have prevented the marchers from gathering: 'The choice, therefore, was between breaking up an illegal march with all of the attendant risks of violence and negative publicity, or of allowing the march to continue, subject to conditions that could help to avoid violence and ensure good public order.'^[44] This decision marked a clear departure from the approach of the Botha era.^[44]

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As President, he authorised the continuation of secret talks in Geneva between his National Intelligence Service and two exiled ANC leaders, Thabo Mbeki and Jacob Zuma.^[44] In October, he personally agreed to meet with Tutu, Boesak, and Frank Chikane in a private meeting in Pretoria.^[45] That month, he also released a number of elderly anti-apartheid activists then imprisoned, including Walter Sisulu.^[46] He also ordered the closure of the National Security Management System.^[23]In December he visited Mandela in prison, speaking with him for three hours about the idea of transitioning away from white-minority rule.^[23] The collapse of the Eastern Bloc and the dissolution of the Soviet Union meant that he no longer feared that Marxists would manipulate the ANC.^[47] As he later related, the collapse of 'the Marxist economic system in Eastern Europe.. serves as a warning to those who insist on persisting with it in Africa. Those who seek to force this failure of a system on South Africa should engage in a total revision of their point of view. It should be clear to all that it is not the answer here either.'^[48]

— De Klerk's speech to Parliament, February 1990^[23]

On 2 February 1990 he gave an address to the country's parliament in which he announced plans for sweeping reforms of the political system.^[49] He announced that a number of banned political parties, including the ANC and Communist Party of South Africa, would be legalised,^[50] although stipulated that this did not constitute an endorsement of their socialist economic policies nor of violent actions carried out by their members.^[51] He also announced that the Separate Amenities Act of 1953, which governed the segregation of public facilities, would be lifted.^[52] His speech revealed that all of those who were imprisoned solely for belonging to a banned organisation would be freed.^[53] He declared that Mandela would be released from prison unconditionally;^[54] the latter was released a week later.^[55] The vision set forth in de Klerk's address was for South Africa to become a Western-style liberal democracy;^[56] it envisioned a market-oriented economy which privileged private enterprise and restricted the government's role in economics.^[57]

De Klerk later related that 'that speech was mainly aimed at breaking our stalemate in Africa and the West. Internationally we were teetering on the edge of the abyss.'^[58] Throughout South Africa and across the world, there was astonishment at de Klerk's move.^[23] Foreign press coverage was largely positive and de Klerk received messages of support from other governments.^[59] Tutu said that 'It's incredible.. Give him credit. Give him credit, I do.'^[23] Some black radicals regarded it as a gimmick and that it would prove to be without substance.^[60] It was also received negatively by some on the white right-wing, including in the Conservative Party, who believed that de Klerk was betraying the white population.^[61] De Klerk believed that the sudden growth of the Conservatives and other white right-wing groups was a passing phase reflecting anxiety and insecurity.^[5] These white right-wing groups were aware that they would not get what they wanted through the forthcoming negotiations, and so increasingly tried to derail the negotiations using revolutionary violence.^[62] The white-dominated liberal Democratic Party found itself in limbo, as de Klerk embraced much of the platform it had espoused, leaving it without a clear purpose.^[63]

Further reforms followed; membership of the National Party was opened up to non-whites.^[55] In June, parliament approved new legislation that repealed the Natives Land Act, 1913 and Native Trust and Land Act, 1936.^[55] The Population Registration Act, which established the racial classificatory guidelines for South Africa, was rescinded.^[55]

In legislative terms, he enabled the gradual end of apartheid. De Klerk also opened the way for the negotiations of the government with the anti-apartheid-opposition about a new constitution for the country. Nevertheless, he was accused by Anthony Sampson of complicity in the violence among the ANC, the Inkatha Freedom Party and elements of the security forces. In Mandela: The Authorised Biography, Sampson accuses de Klerk of permitting his ministers to build their own criminal empires.^[64]

Negotiations toward universal suffrage[edit]

— De Klerk on a post-apartheid society^[65]

His presidency was dominated by the negotiation process, mainly between his NP government and the ANC, which led to the democratization of South Africa. Throughout the negotiations, de Klerk primarily sought to prevent majority rule to preserve power for the white South African minority. His efforts, however, were thwarted when the Boipatong massacre caused a resurgence of international pressure against South Africa, leading to a weaker position at the negotiation tables for the National party.^[66] In 1992, de Klerk held a whites-only referendum on ending apartheid, with the result being an overwhelming 'yes' vote to continue negotiations to end apartheid. Nelson Mandela was distrustful of the role played by de Klerk in the negotiations, particularly as he believed that de Klerk was knowledgeable about 'third force' attempts to foment violence in the country and destabilize the negotiations.^[67]

In 1990, de Klerk gave orders to end South Africa's nuclear weapons programme; the process of nuclear disarmament was essentially completed in 1991. The existence of the programme was not officially acknowledged before 1993.^[68][69]

In 1993, de Klerk and Mandela were jointly awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for their work in ending apartheid. The awarding of the prize to de Klerk was controversial, especially in the light of de Klerk's reported admission that he ordered a massacre of supposed Azanian People's Liberation Army fighters, including teenagers, shortly before going to Oslo in 1993.^[70] It appears that this massacre may form part of the basis for criminal charges that the Anti-Racism Action Forum laid against de Klerk in early 2016.^[71] Further, de Klerk's role in the destabilization of the country during the negotiation process through the operation of a 'third force' came to the attention of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission, and was never ultimately clarified.^[72][73]

After the first universal elections in 1994, de Klerk became deputy president in the government of national unity under Nelson Mandela, a post he kept until 1996. In 1997 he resigned the leadership of the National Party and retired from politics.

In 1993, de Klerk issued an apology for the actions of the apartheid government, stating that: 'It was not our intention to deprive people of their rights and to cause misery, but eventually apartheid led to just that. Insofar as that occurred we deeply regret it.. Yes we are sorry'.^[74] Tutu urged for people to accept the apology, stating that 'saying sorry is not an easy thing to do.. We should be magnanimous and accept it as a magnanimous act', although was privately frustrated that de Klerk's apology had been qualified and had not gone so far as to call apartheid an intrinsically evil policy.^[74]

Vice Presidency[edit]

De Klerk had been unhappy that changes had been made to the inauguration ceremony, rendering it multi-religious rather than reflecting the newly elected leader's particular denomination.^[75] When he was being sworn in, and the chief justice said 'So help me God', de Klerk did not repeat this, instead stating, in Afrikaans: 'So help me the triune God, Father, Son, and Holy Spirit'.^[76]

Mandela reappointed de Klerk's finance minister, Derek Keys, and retained Chris Stals, a former member of the Broederbond, as the head of the Central Bank.^[77]De Klerk supported the coalition's economic policies, stating that it 'accepted a broad framework of responsible economic policies'.^[78]

De Klerk's working relationship with Mandela was often strained, with the former finding it difficult adjusting to the fact that he was no longer president.^[79] De Klerk also felt that Mandela deliberately humiliated him, while Mandela found de Klerk to be needlessly provocative in cabinet.^[79] One dispute occurred in September 1995, after Mandela gave a Johannesburg speech criticising the National Party. Angered, de Klerk avoided Mandela until the latter requested they meet; when they ran into each other, they publicly argued in the street. Mandela later expressed regret for their disagreement but did not apologise for his original comments.^[79]De Klerk was also having problems from within his own party, some of whose members claimed that he was neglecting the party while in the government.^[79]

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Many in the National Party—including many members of its executive committee—were unhappy with the other parties' agreed upon new constitution in May 1996.^[79] The party had wanted the constitution to guarantee that it would be represented in the government until 2004, although it did not do this.On 9 May, de Klerk announced that the National Party would withdraw from the coalition government.^[79] The decision shocked several of his six fellow Afrikaner cabinet colleagues; Pik Botha, for example, was left without a job as a result.^[80]Roelf Meyer reported feeling betrayed by de Klerk's act, while Leon Wessels thought that de Klerk had not tried hard enough to make the coalition work.^[81] De Klerk announced that he would lead the National Party in vigorous opposition to Mandela's government, stating that he wanted to ensure 'a proper multi-party democracy, without which there may be a danger of South Africa lapsing into the African pattern of one-party states'.^[81]

Truth and Reconciliation Commission[edit]

In de Klerk's view, his greatest defeat in the negotiations with Mandela had been his inability to secure a blanket amnesty for all those working for the government or state during the apartheid period.^[82] De Klerk was unhappy with the formation of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC).^[82] He had hoped that the TRC would be made up of an equal number of individuals from both the old and new governments, as there had been in the Chilean human rights commission. Instead, the TRC was designed to broadly reflect the wider diversity of South African society, and contained only two members who had explicitly supported apartheid, one a member of a right-wing group that had opposed de Klerk's National Party.^[83] De Klerk did not object to Tutu being selected as the TRC's chair for he regarded him as politically independent of Mandela's government, but he was upset that Alex Boraine had been selected as its deputy chair, later saying of Boraine: 'beneath an urbane and deceptively affable exterior beat the heart of a zealot and an inquisitor.'^[84]

De Klerk appeared before the TRC hearing to testify for Vlakplaas commanders who were accused of having committed human rights abuses during the apartheid era. He acknowledged that security forces had resorted to 'unconventional strategies' in dealing with anti-apartheid revolutionaries, but that 'within my knowledge and experience, they never included the authorisation of assassination, murder, torture, rape, assault or the like'.^[84] After further evidence of said abuses was produced by the commission, de Klerk stated that he found the revelations to be 'as shocking and as abhorrent as anybody else' but insisted that he and other senior party members were not willing to accept responsibility for the 'criminal actions of a handful of operatives', stating that their behaviour was 'not authorised [and] not intended' by his government.^[84] Given the widespread and systemic nature of the abuses that had taken place, as well as statements by security officers that their actions had been sanctioned by higher ranking figures, Tutu questioned how de Klerk and other government figures could not have been aware of them.^[85] Tutu had hoped that de Klerk or another senior white political figure from the apartheid era would openly accept responsibility for the human rights abuses, thereby allowing South Africa to move on; this was something that de Klerk would not do.^[86]

The TRC found de Klerk guilty of being an accessory to gross violations of human rights on the basis that as State President he had been told that P. W. Botha had authorised the bombing of Khotso House but had not revealed this information to the Committee.^[86] De Klerk challenged the TRC on this point, and it backed down.^[86] When the final TRC report was released 2002, it made a more limited accusation: that de Klerk had failed to give full disclosure about events that took place during his Presidency and that in view of his knowledge about the Khotso House bombing, his statement that none of his colleagues had authorised gross human rights abuses was 'indefensible'.^[86]In his later autobiography, de Klerk acknowledged that the TRC did significant damage to his public image.^[87]

Later life[edit]

In 1996, de Klerk was offered the Harper Fellowship at Yale Law School. He declined, citing protests at the university.^[88] De Klerk did, however, speak at Central Connecticut State University the day before his fellowship would have begun.

In 1998, de Klerk and his wife of 38 years, Marike de Klerk, were divorced following the discovery of his affair with Elita Georgiades,^[89] then the wife of Tony Georgiades, a Greek shipping tycoon who had allegedly given de Klerk and the NP financial support.^[90] Soon after his divorce, de Klerk and Georgiades were married. His divorce and remarriage scandalised conservative South African opinion, especially among the Calvinist Afrikaners. In 1999, his autobiography, The Last Trek – A New Beginning, was published. In 2001, following the murder of his former wife, the manuscript of her own autobiography, A Place Where the Sun Shines Again, was submitted to de Klerk, who urged the publishers to suppress a chapter dealing with his infidelity.^[91]

In 1999, de Klerk established the pro-peace FW de Klerk Foundation of which he is the chairman. De Klerk is also chairman of the Global Leadership Foundation, headquartered in London, which he set up in 2004, an organisation which works to support democratic leadership, prevent and resolve conflict through mediation and promote good governance in the form of democratic institutions, open markets, human rights and the rule of law. It does so by making available, discreetly and in confidence, the experience of former leaders to today's national leaders. It is a not-for-profit organisation composed of former heads of government and senior governmental and international organisation officials who work closely with heads of government on governance-related issues of concern to them.

On 3 December 2001, Marike de Klerk was found stabbed and strangled to death in her Cape Town flat. De Klerk, who was on a brief visit to Stockholm, Sweden, to celebrate the 100-year anniversary of the Nobel Prize foundation, announced he would immediately return to mourn his dead ex-wife. The atrocity was reportedly condemned strongly by South African president Thabo Mbeki and Winnie Mandela, among others, who openly spoke in favour of Marike de Klerk.^{[citation needed]} On 6 December, 21-year-old security guard Luyanda Mboniswa was arrested for the murder. On 15 May 2003, he received two life sentences for murder, as well as three years for breaking into Marike de Klerk's apartment.^[92]

In 2004, de Klerk announced that he was quitting the New National Party and seeking a new political home after it was announced that the NNP would merge with the ruling ANC. That same year, while giving an interview to US journalist Richard Stengel, de Klerk was asked whether South Africa had turned out the way he envisioned it back in 1990. His response was:

There are a number of imperfections in the new South Africa where I would have hoped that things would be better, but on balance I think we have basically achieved what we set out to achieve. And if I were to draw balance sheets on where South Africa stands now, I would say that the positive outweighs the negative by far. There is a tendency by commentators across the world to focus on the few negatives which are quite negative, like how are we handling AIDS, like our role vis-à-vis Zimbabwe. But the positives – the stability in South Africa, the adherence to well-balanced economic policies, fighting inflation, doing all the right things in order to lay the basis and the foundation for sustained economic growth – are in place.^[93]

In 2008, he repeated in a speech that 'despite all the negatives facing South Africa, he is very positive about the country'.^[94]

In 2006, he underwent surgery for a malignant tumour in his colon, discovered after an examination on 3 June. His condition deteriorated sharply, and he underwent a second operation after developing respiratory problems. On 13 June, it was announced that he was to undergo a tracheotomy.^[95][96][97] He recovered and on 11 September 2006 gave a speech at Kent State University Stark Campus.^[98][99]

In January 2007, de Klerk was a speaker promoting peace and democracy in the world at the 'Towards a Global Forum on New Democracies' event in Taipei, Taiwan, along with other dignitaries including Poland's Lech Wałęsa and Taiwan's then president Chen Shui-Bian.^[100]

De Klerk is an Honorary Patron of the University Philosophical Society of Trinity College, Dublin, and Honorary Chairman of the Prague Society for International Cooperation.^[99] He has also received the Gold Medal for Outstanding Contribution to Public Discourse from the College Historical Society of Trinity College, Dublin, for his contribution to ending apartheid.

De Klerk is also a Member of the Advisory Board of the Global Panel Foundation^[101] based in Berlin, Copenhagen, New York, Prague, Sydney and Toronto – founded by the Dutch entrepreneur Bas Spuybroek in 1988, with the support of Dutch billionaire Frans Lurvink and former Dutch Foreign Minister Hans van den Broek. The Global Panel Foundation is known for its behind-the-scenes work in public policy and the annual presentation of the Hanno R. Ellenbogen Citizenship Award with the Prague Society for International Cooperation.

After the inauguration of Jacob Zuma as South Africa's president in May 2009, de Klerk said he is optimistic that Zuma and his government can 'confound the prophets of doom'.^[102]

In a BBC interview broadcast in April 2012, he said he lived in an all-white neighbourhood. He had five servants, three coloured and two black: 'We are one great big family together; we have the best of relationships.' About Nelson Mandela, he said, 'When Mandela goes it will be a moment when all South Africans put away their political differences, will take hands, and will together honour maybe the biggest known South African that has ever lived.'^[103]

Upon hearing of the death of Mandela, de Klerk said: 'He was a great unifier and a very, very special man in this regard beyond everything else he did. This emphasis on reconciliation was his biggest legacy.'^[104]. He attended the memorial service for him on December 10, 2013.

In 2015, de Klerk wrote to The Times newspaper in the UK criticising moves to remove a statue to Cecil Rhodes at Oriel College, Oxford.^[105] He was subsequently criticized by some activists who described it as 'ironic' that the last apartheid President should be defending a statue of a man labelled by critics as the 'architect of apartheid'.^[106] The Economic Freedom Fighters called for him to be stripped of his Nobel Peace Prize.^[107]

Ideology[edit]

De Klerk was widely regarded as a politically conservative figure in South Africa.^[32] At the same time, he was flexible rather than dogmatic in his approach to political issues.^[32] He often hedged his bets and sought to accommodate divergent perspectives,^[36] favouring compromise over confrontation.^[108]Within the National Party, he continually strove for unity, coming to be regarded—according to his brother—as 'a party man, a veritable Mr National Party'.^[32] To stem defections from the right-wing end of the National Party, he made 'ultra-conservative noises'.^[36] This general approach led to the perception that he was 'trying to be all things to all men'.^[108]

De Klerk stated that within the party, he 'never formed part of a political school of thought, and I deliberately kept out of the cliques and foments of the enlightened and conservative factions in the party. If the policy I propounded was ultra-conservative, then that was the policy; it was not necessarily I who was ultra-conservative. I saw my role in the party as that of an interpreter of the party's real median policy at any stage.'^[109]De Klerk stated that 'The silver thread throughout my career was my advocacy of National Party policy in all its various formulations. I refrained from adjusting that policy or adapting it to my own liking or convictions. I analysed it as it was formulated, to the letter.'^[109]

For much of his career, de Klerk believed in apartheid and its system of racial segregation.^[34]According to his brother, de Klerk underwent a 'political conversion' that took him from supporting apartheid to facilitating its demolition. This change was not 'a dramatic event' however, but 'was built.. on pragmatism - it evolved as a process.'^[110]He did not believe that South Africa would become a 'non-racial society', but rather sought to build a 'non-racist society' in which ethnic divisions remained; in his view 'I do not believe in the existence of anything like a non-racial society in the literal sense of the word', citing the example of the United States and United Kingdom where there was no legal racial segregation but that distinct racial groups continued to exist.^[111]

De Klerk accepted the principle of freedom of religion, although still believed that the state should promote Christianity.^[112]

Personality and personal life[edit]

Glad and Blanton stated that de Klerk's 'political choices were undergirded by self-confidence and commitment to the common good.'^[113] His brother Willem stated that de Klerk's demeanour was marked by 'soberness, humility and calm',^[114] that he was an honest, intelligent, and open minded individual,^[115] and that he had a 'natural cordiality' and a 'solid sense of courtesy and good manners'.^[116] He felt that de Klerk's 'charisma' came not from an 'exceptionally strong individualism' but from 'his rationality, logic and balance'.^[117] He was, according to de Klerk, 'a man of compromise rather than a political innovator or entrepreneur'.^[118]

Willem stated that 'he keeps an ear to the ground and is sensitive to the slightest tremors', and that it was this which made him 'a superb politician'.^[119] Willem also stated that his brother was 'a team-man who consults others, takes them into his confidence, honestly shares information with his colleagues, and has a knack of making people feel importance and at peace'.^[116]His former wife Marike described de Klerk as being 'extremely sensitive to beautiful things', exhibiting something akin to an artistic temperament.^[11]

Willem also noted that 'in the most profound sense', de Klerk was driven by his concern for Afrikanerdom and 'the survival of his own people in their fatherland'.^[5] De Klerk was deeply upset that many Afrikaners did not realise that his reforms to dismantle apartheid were carried out with the intention of preserving a future for the Afrikaner people in South Africa.^[120]

With Marike, de Klerk had three children: Jan, who became a farmer in Western Transvaal, Willem, who went into public relations, and Susan, who became a teacher.^[121] Willem stated that de Klerk had a close relationship with his children,^[25] and that he was 'a loving man who hugs and cuddles'.^[122]

De Klerk was a chain smoker and also enjoyed a glass of whisky or wine while relaxing.^[123] In adult life, he enjoyed playing golf and hunting, as well as going for brisk walks.^[123]

Reception and legacy[edit]

Glad and Blanton stated that de Klerk, along with Mandela, 'accomplished the rare feat of bringing about systemic revolution through peaceful means.'^[124] His brother noted that de Klerk's role in South African history was 'to dismantle more than three centuries of white supremacy', and that in doing so his was 'not a role of white surrender, but a role of white conversion to a new role' in society.^[125]In September 1990, Potchefstroom University awarded de Klerk with an honorary doctorate.^[31]

South Africa's Conservative Party came to regard him as its most hated adversary.^[36]

References[edit]

1. ^ ^abcdefde Klerk 1991, p. 149.
2. ^Johannes (Jan) de Klerk South African History OnlineArchived 13 August 2012 at the Wayback Machine
3. ^A. Kamsteeg, E. Van Dijk, F.W. de Klerk, man of the moment. 1990
4. ^ ^ab'The Last Trek: A New Beginning'. Washington Journal. C-SPAN. 11 June 1999. Retrieved 7 September 2018. Yes, I'm an African, born and bred. My forebears arrived in South Africa in 1688. My later forebears fought the first modern anti-colonial war on the continent of Africa, against Great Britain. I'm an African, through and through, and the fact that I'm white does not detract from my total commitment to my country and through my country, to our continent.
5. ^ ^abcdde Klerk 1991, p. 81.
6. ^Glad & Blanton 1997, pp. 566–567.
7. ^de Klerk 1991, p. 139.
8. ^de Klerk 1991, p. 140; Glad & Blanton 1997, p. 579.
9. ^de Klerk 1991, pp. 139, 140.
10. ^de Klerk 1991, p. 140.
11. ^ ^abcGlad & Blanton 1997, p. 579.
12. ^Lugan, Bernard (1996). Ces Français qui ont fait l'Afrique du Sud (The French People Who Made South Africa). Bartillat. ISBN978-2-84100-086-9.
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14. ^'Frederik en Marike de Klerk vinden hun wortels in Zeeland'. Trouw. 13 November 1995. Archived from the original on 19 September 2011. Retrieved 13 February 2011.
15. ^Morris, Michael (8 February 1999). 'South Africa: FW de Klerk Reveals Colourful Ancestry'. Archived from the original on 28 November 2017 – via AllAfrica.
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17. ^de Klerk 1991, pp. 140–141.
18. ^ ^abde Klerk 1991, p. 61.
19. ^de Klerk 1991, p. 142.
20. ^de Klerk 1991, p. 147; Glad & Blanton 1997, p. 579.
21. ^ ^abcdde Klerk 1991, p. 150.
22. ^de Klerk 1991, p. 26.
23. ^ ^abcdefghijGlad & Blanton 1997, p. 567.
24. ^de Klerk 1991, pp. 144, 150.
25. ^ ^abde Klerk 1991, p. 144.
26. ^ ^abcdefde Klerk 1991, p. 151.
27. ^de Klerk 1991, p. 151; Glad & Blanton 1997, p. 579.
28. ^ ^abcdede Klerk 1991, p. 152.
29. ^Glad & Blanton 1997, p. 580.
30. ^ ^abcdefghde Klerk 1991, p. 153.
31. ^ ^abcde Klerk 1991, p. 154.
32. ^ ^abcdde Klerk 1991, p. 17.
33. ^de Klerk 1991, p. 20.
34. ^ ^abde Klerk 1991, pp. 18–19.
35. ^de Klerk 1991, p. 15; Glad & Blanton 1997, p. 567.
36. ^ ^abcdde Klerk 1991, p. 18.
37. ^Allen 2006, pp. 299–300.
38. ^ ^abAllen 2006, p. 300.
39. ^de Klerk 1991, p. 16.
40. ^Allen 2006, p. 310.
41. ^Allen 2006, pp. 309–310.
42. ^Allen 2006, p. 311.
43. ^Allen 2006, pp. 311–312.
44. ^ ^abcAllen 2006, p. 312.
45. ^Allen 2006, pp. 312–313.
46. ^Glad & Blanton 1997, p. 567; Allen 2006, p. 312.
47. ^de Klerk 1991, p. 27.
48. ^de Klerk 1991, p. 35.
49. ^de Klerk 1991, pp. 2–3; Glad & Blanton 1997, p. 567.
50. ^de Klerk 1991, p. 42; Glad & Blanton 1997, p. 567; Allen 2006, p. 313.
51. ^de Klerk 1991, p. 43.
52. ^de Klerk 1991, p. 48; Glad & Blanton 1997, p. 567.
53. ^de Klerk 1991, p. 42.
54. ^de Klerk 1991, p. 45; Glad & Blanton 1997, p. 567; Allen 2006, p. 313.
55. ^ ^abcdGlad & Blanton 1997, p. 568.
56. ^de Klerk 1991, p. 47.
57. ^de Klerk 1991, p. 48.
58. ^de Klerk 1991, p. 5.
59. ^de Klerk 1991, pp. 31–32.
60. ^de Klerk 1991, p. 33.
61. ^de Klerk 1991, pp. 32, 33.
62. ^de Klerk 1991, p. 86.
63. ^de Klerk 1991, p. 89.
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65. ^de Klerk 1991, pp. 158–159.
66. ^Pfister, Roger (2003). 'Gateway to International Victory: The Diplomacy of the African National Congress in Africa, 1960-1994'. The Journal of Modern African Studies. 41 (1): 51–73. doi:10.1017/S0022278X02004147. JSTOR3876189.
67. ^Blair, David (6 December 2013). 'Nelson Mandela's fraught relationship with FW de Klerk'. Archived from the original on 10 March 2016.
68. ^Von Wielligh, N. & von Wielligh-Steyn, L. (2015). The Bomb – South Africa’s Nuclear Weapons Programme. Pretoria: Litera.
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75. ^Allen 2006, p. 338.
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77. ^Sampson 2011, pp. 514, 515.
78. ^Sampson 2011, p. 514.
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83. ^Allen 2006, pp. 362–363.
84. ^ ^abcAllen 2006, p. 363.
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86. ^ ^abcdAllen 2006, p. 364.
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105. ^'FW De Klerk criticises Rhodes statue removal campaign'. BBC News. 26 December 2015. Archived from the original on 28 December 2015 – via www.bbc.co.uk.
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108. ^ ^abde Klerk 1991, p. 21.
109. ^ ^abde Klerk 1991, p. 24.
110. ^de Klerk 1991, p. 22.
111. ^de Klerk 1991, p. 64.
112. ^de Klerk 1991, p. 148.
113. ^Glad & Blanton 1997, p. 583.
114. ^de Klerk 1991, p. 1.
115. ^de Klerk 1991, p. 23.
116. ^ ^abde Klerk 1991, p. 74.
117. ^de Klerk 1991, p. 138.
118. ^de Klerk 1991, pp. 128–129.
119. ^de Klerk 1991, pp. 22–23.
120. ^de Klerk 1991, pp. 81–82.
121. ^de Klerk 1991, p. 143.
122. ^de Klerk 1991, p. 141.
123. ^ ^abde Klerk 1991, p. 155.
124. ^Glad & Blanton 1997, p. 565.
125. ^de Klerk 1991, p. 57.

Bibliography[edit]

Further reading[edit]

• 'South Africa is one of the most unequal societies in the world', article by de Klerk in Global Education Magazine, in the special edition for the International Day for the Eradication of Poverty (17 October 2012)

External links[edit]

• Photos & Recordings of his visit to the College Historical Society in March 2008
• Ubben Lecture at DePauw University (includes video, audio and photos)
• [1] Extensive Interview in the Huffington Post
• Appearances on C-SPAN