Apostle, Bishop of Milan and Apostolic Father | |
Personal details | |
---|---|
Born | unknown Cyprus |
Died | reputedly 61 AD Salamis, Cyprus |
Alma mater | School of Gamaliel |
Sainthood | |
Feast day | June 11 |
Venerated in | |
Canonized | Pre-Congregation |
Attributes | Red Martyr, Pilgrim's staff; olive branch; holding the Gospel of Matthew |
Patronage | Cyprus, Antioch, against hailstorms, invoked as peacemaker |
Shrines | Monastery of St Barnabas in Famagusta, Cyprus |
Das Barnabas-Evangelium aber geh. Das barnabas evangelium wahres evangelium jesu, genannt christus, eines neuen propheten, von gott der welt gesandt gem. Sankt Julian dem Gastfreien und viel mehr von Gustave Flaubert herunterladen PDF in deutsch. PDF: Das Judas-Evangelium.
Barnabas (/ˈbɑːrnəbəs/; Greek: Βαρνάβας), born Joseph, was according to tradition an early Christian, one of the prominent Christian disciples in Jerusalem. According to Acts 4:36, Barnabas was a CypriotJew. Named an apostle in Acts 14:14, he and Paul the Apostle undertook missionary journeys together and defended Gentile converts against the Judaizers. They traveled together making more converts (c. 45–47), and participated in the Council of Jerusalem (c. 50). Barnabas and Paul successfully evangelized among the 'God-fearing' Gentiles who attended synagogues in various Hellenized cities of Anatolia.
Barnabas' story appears in the Acts of the Apostles, and Paul mentions him in some of his epistles. Tertullian named him as the author of the Epistle to the Hebrews, but this and other attributions are conjecture. Clement of Alexandria and some scholars have ascribed the Epistle of Barnabas to him, but his authorship is disputed.
Although the date, place, and circumstances of his death are historically unverifiable, Christian tradition holds that Barnabas was martyred at Salamis, Cyprus, in 61 AD. He is traditionally identified as the founder of the Cypriot Orthodox Church. The feast day of Barnabas is celebrated on June 11.
Barnabas is usually identified as the cousin of Mark the Evangelist on the basis of the term 'anepsios' used in Colossians 4, which carries the connotation of 'cousin.' Some traditions hold that Aristobulus of Britannia, one of the Seventy Disciples, was the brother of Barnabas.
Acts 11:24 describes Barnabas as 'a good man, and full of the Holy Spirit and of faith'.
His HellenicJewish parents called him Joseph (although the Byzantine text-type calls him Ἰωσῆς, Iōsēs, 'Joses', a Greek variant of 'Joseph'), but when recounting the story of how he sold all his goods and gave the money to the apostles in Jerusalem, the Book of Acts says the apostles called him Barnabas. (The 's' at the end is the Greek nominative case ending, and it is not present in the Aramaic form.) The Greek text of Acts 4:36 explains the name as υἱὸς παρακλήσεως, hyios paraklēseōs, meaning 'son of encouragement' or 'son of consolation'. One theory is that this is from the Aramaicבר נחמה, bar neḥmā, meaning 'son (of) consolation'. Another is that it is related to the Hebrew word nabī (נביא, Aramaic nebī) meaning 'prophet'.[1][2] In the Syriac Bible, the phrase 'son of consolation' is translated bara dbuya'a.[3]
Barnabas appears mainly in Acts, a history of the early Christian church. He also appears in several of Paul's epistles.
Barnabas, a native of Cyprus and a Levite, is first mentioned in the Acts of the Apostles as a member of the early Christian community in Jerusalem, who sold some land that he owned and gave the proceeds to the community (Acts 4:36-37). When the future Paul the Apostle returned to Jerusalem after his conversion, Barnabas introduced him to the apostles (9:27). Easton, in his Bible Dictionary, supposes that they had been fellow students in the school of Gamaliel.[4]
The successful preaching of Christianity at Antioch to non-Jews led the church at Jerusalem to send Barnabas there to oversee the movement (Acts 11:20–22). He found the work so extensive and weighty that he went to Tarsus in search of Paul (still referred to as Saul), 'an admirable colleague', to assist him. Paul returned with him to Antioch and labored with him for a whole year (Acts 11:25–26). At the end of this period, the two were sent up to Jerusalem (44 AD) with contributions from the church at Antioch for the relief of the poorer Christians in Judea.
They returned to Antioch taking John Mark with them, the cousin or nephew of Barnabas. Later, they went to Cyprus and some of the principal cities of Pamphylia, Pisidia, and Lycaonia (Acts 13:14). After recounting what the governor of Cyprus Sergius Paulus believed, Acts 13:9 speaks of Barnabas's companion no longer as Saul, but as Paul, his Roman name, and generally refers to the two no longer as 'Barnabas and Saul' as heretofore (11:30; 12:25; 13:2, 7), but as 'Paul and Barnabas' (13:43, 46, 50; 14:20; 15:2, 22, 35). Only in 14:14 and 15:12-25 does Barnabas again occupy the first place, in the first passage with recollection of 14:12, in the last 2, because Barnabas stood in closer relation to the Jerusalem church than Paul. Paul appears as the more eloquent missionary (13:16; 14:8-9; 19-20), whence the Lystrans regarded him as Hermes and Barnabas as Zeus. The King James Version renders the Greek name 'Zeus' by the Latin name 'Jupiter' (14:12).
Returning from this first missionary journey to Antioch, they were again sent up to Jerusalem to consult with the church there regarding the relation of Gentiles to the church (Acts 15:2; Galatians 2:1). According to Galatians 2:9-10, Barnabas was included with Paul in the agreement made between them, on the one hand, and James, Peter, and John, on the other, that the two former should in the future preach to the pagans, not forgetting the poor at Jerusalem. This matter having been settled, they returned again to Antioch, bringing the agreement of the council that Gentiles were to be admitted into the church without having to adopt Jewish practices.
After they had returned to Antioch from the Jerusalem council, they spent some time there (15:35). Peter came and associated freely there with the Gentiles, eating with them, until criticized for this by some disciples of James, as against Mosaic law. Upon their remonstrances, Peter yielded apparently through fear of displeasing them, and refused to eat any longer with the Gentiles. Barnabas followed his example. Paul considered that they 'walked not uprightly according to the truth of the gospel' and upbraided them before the whole church (Galatians 2:11-15).
Paul then asked Barnabas to accompany him on another journey (15:36). Barnabas wished to take John Mark along, but Paul did not, as he had left them on the earlier journey (15:37-38). The dispute ended by Paul and Barnabas taking separate routes. Paul took Silas as his companion, and journeyed through Syria and Cilicia; while Barnabas took John Mark to visit Cyprus (15:36-41). John Francis Fenlon suggests that Paul may have been somewhat influenced by the attitude recently taken by Barnabas, which might have proven prejudicial to their work.
Barnabas is not mentioned again in the Acts of the Apostles. However, Galatians 2:11-13 says, 'And when Kephas came to Antioch, I opposed him to his face because he clearly was wrong. For, until some people came from James, he used to eat with the Gentiles; but when they came, he began to draw back and separated himself, because he was afraid of the circumcised. And the rest of the Jews (also) acted hypocritically along with him, with the result that even Barnabas was carried away by their hypocrisy.' Barnabas is also mentioned in the First Epistle to the Corinthians, in which it is mentioned that he and Paul funded their missions by working side jobs and (it is implied) went without wives and other benefits other apostles received (1 Corinthians 9:6); Paul states that he and Barnabas forsook those benefits 'that we may cause no hindrance to the Good News of Christ' (1 Corinthians 9:12).
Antioch, the third-most important city of the Roman Empire,[5] then the capital city of Syria province, today Antakya, Turkey, was where Christians were first called thus.[6]Some of those who had been scattered by the persecution that arose because of Stephen went to Antioch, which became the site of an early Christian community.[7] A considerable minority of the Antioch church of Barnabas's time belonged to the merchant class, and they provided support to the poorer Jerusalem church.[8]
Barnabas participated in the Council of Jerusalem, which dealt with the admission of Gentiles into the Christian community, a crucial problem in early Christianity.[8] Paul and Barnabas proposed that Gentiles be allowed into the community without being circumcised.
Saint Barnabas | |
---|---|
Prophet, Disciple, Apostle to Antioch and Cyprus, Missionary, and Martyr | |
Born | unknown Cyprus |
Died | reputedly 61 AD Salamis, Cyprus |
Venerated in | Catholic Church, Eastern Orthodox Churches, Oriental Orthodox Churches, Anglican Communion, Lutheran Church |
Canonized | Pre-Congregation |
Major shrine | Monastery of St Barnabas in Famagusta, Cyprus |
Feast | June 11 |
Attributes | Red Martyr, Pilgrim's staff; olive branch; holding the Gospel of Matthew |
Patronage | Cyprus, Antioch, against hailstorms, invoked as peacemaker |
Church tradition developed outside of the canon of the New Testament describes the martyrdom of many saints, including the legend of the martyrdom of Barnabas.[9] It relates that certain Jews coming to Syria and Salamis, where Barnabas was then preaching the gospel, being highly exasperated at his extraordinary success, fell upon him as he was disputing in the synagogue, dragged him out, and, after the most inhumane tortures, stoned him to death. His kinsman, John Mark, who was a spectator of this barbarous action, privately interred his body.[10]
Although it is believed he was martyred by being stoned, the apocryphalActs of Barnabas states that he was bound with a rope by the neck, and then being dragged only to the site where he would be burned to death.
According to the History of the Cyprus Church,[11] in 478 Barnabas appeared in a dream to the Archbishop of Constantia (Salamis, Cyprus) Anthemios and revealed to him the place of his sepulchre beneath a carob-tree. The following day Anthemios found the tomb and inside it the remains of Barnabas with a manuscript of Matthew's Gospel on his breast. Anthemios presented the Gospel to Emperor Zeno at Constantinople and received from him the privileges of the Greek Orthodox Church of Cyprus, that is, the purple cloak which the Greek Archbishop of Cyprus wears at festivals of the church, the imperial sceptre and the red ink with which he affixes his signature.
Anthemios then placed the venerable remains of Barnabas in a church which he founded near the tomb. Excavations near the site of a present-day church and monastery, have revealed an early church with two empty tombs, believed to be that of St. Barnabas and Anthemios.[12]
St. Barnabas is venerated as the Patron Saint of Cyprus.
Although many assume that the biblical Mark the cousin of Barnabas (Colossians 4:10) is the same as John Mark (Acts 12:12, 25; 13:5, 13; 15:37) and Mark the Evangelist, the traditionally believed author of the Gospel of Mark, according to Hippolytus of Rome,[13] the three 'Marks are distinct persons. They were all members of the Seventy Apostles of Christ, including Barnabas himself. There are two people named Barnabas among Hippolytus' list of Seventy Disciples, one (#13) became the bishop of Milan, the other (#25) the bishop of Heraclea. Most likely one of these two is the biblical Barnabas; the first one is more likely, because the numbering by Hippolytus seems to indicate a level of significance. Clement of Alexandria (Stromata, ii, 20) also makes Barnabas one of the Seventy Disciples that are mentioned in the Gospel of Luke10:1ff.
Other sources bring Barnabas to Rome and Alexandria. In the 'Clementine Recognitions' (i, 7) he is depicted as preaching in Rome even during Christ's lifetime.
Cypriots developed the tradition of his later activity and martyrdom no earlier than the 3rd century. The question whether Barnabas was an apostle was often discussed during the Middle Ages.[14]
Tertullian and other Western writers regard Barnabas as the author of the Letter to the Hebrews. This may have been the Roman tradition—which Tertullian usually follows—and in Rome the epistle may have had its first readers. Modern biblical scholarship considers its authorship unknown, though Barnabas amongst others has been proposed as potential authors.[15]
“Photius of the ninth century, refers to some in his day who were uncertain whether the Acts was written by Clement of Rome, Barnabas, or Luke. Yet Photius is certain that the work must be ascribed to Luke.” [16]
He is also traditionally associated with the Epistle of Barnabas, although some modern scholars think it more likely that the epistle was written in Alexandria in the 130s. John Dominic Crossan quotes Koester as stating that New Testament writings are used 'neither explicitly nor tacitly' in the Epistle of Barnabas and that this 'would argue for an early date, perhaps even before the end of the first century AD.' Crossan continues (The Cross that Spoke, p. 121):Richardson and Shukster have also argued for a first-century date. Among several arguments they point to the detail of 'a little king, who shall subdue three of the kings under one' and 'a little crescent horn, and that it subdued under one three of the great horns' in Barnabas 4:4-5. They propose a composition 'date during or immediately after the reign of Nerva (96-8 AD.) . . . viewed as bringing to an end the glorious Flavian dynasty of Vespasian, Titus, and Domitian . . . when a powerful, distinguished, and successful dynasty was brought low, humiliated by an assassin's knife' (33, 40).In 16:3-4, the Epistle of Barnabas says: 'Furthermore he says again, 'Lo, they who destroyed this temple shall themselves build it.' That is happening now. For owing to the war it was destroyed by the enemy; at present even the servants of the enemy will build it up again.' This clearly places Barnabas after the destruction of the temple in 70 AD. But it also places Barnabas before the Bar Kochba revolt in 132 AD, after which there could have been no hope that the Romans would help to rebuild the temple. This shows that the document comes from the period between these two revolts.Jay Curry Treat states on the dating of Barnabas (The Anchor Bible Dictionary, v. 1, pp. 613–614):Since Barnabas 16:3 refers to the destruction of the temple, Barnabas must be written after 70 C.E. It must be written before its first indisputable use in Clement of Alexandria, ca. 190. Since 16:4 expects the temple to be rebuilt, it was most likely written before Hadrian built a Roman temple on the site ca. 135. Attempts to use 4:4-5 and 16:1-5 to specify the time of origin more exactly have not won wide agreement. It is important to remember that traditions of varying ages have been incorporated into this work.Treat comments on the provenance of the Epistle of Barnabas (op. cit., p. 613):Barnabas does not give enough indications to permit confident identification of either the teacher's location or the location to which he writes. His thought, hermeneutical methods, and style have many parallels throughout the known Jewish and Christian worlds. Most scholars have located the work's origin in the area of Alexandria, on the grounds that it has many affinities with Alexandrian Jewish and Christian thought and because its first witnesses are Alexandrian. Recently, Prigent (Prigent and Kraft 1971: 20-24), Wengst (1971: 114-18), and Scorza Barcellona (1975: 62-65) have suggested other origins based on affinities in Palestine, Syria, and Asia Minor. The place of origin must remain an open question, although the Greek-speaking E. Mediterranean appears most probable.Concerning the relationship between Barnabas and the New Testament, Treat writes (op. cit., p. 614):Although Barnabas 4:14 appears to quote Matt 22:14, it must remain an open question whether the Barnabas circle knew written gospels. Based on Koester's analysis (1957: 125-27, 157), it appears more likely that Barnabas stood in the living oral tradition used by the written gospels. For example, the reference to gall and vinegar in Barnabas 7:3, 5 seems to preserve an early stage of tradition that influenced the formation of the passion narratives in the Gospel of Peter and the synoptic gospels.
The 5th century Decretum Gelasianum includes a Gospel of Barnabas amongst works condemned as apocryphal; but no certain text or quotation from this work has been identified.
Another book using that same title, the Gospel of Barnabas, survives in two post-medieval manuscripts in Italian and Spanish.[17] Contrary to the canonical Christian Gospels, and in accordance with the Islamic view of Jesus, this later Gospel of Barnabas states that Jesus was not the son of God, but a prophet and messenger.
In 1538, the Catholic religious order officially known as 'Clerics Regular of St. Paul' (Clerici Regulares Sancti Pauli), gained the grand old Monastery of Saint Barnabas by the city wall of Milan as their main seat. The Order was thenceforth known by the popular name of Barnabites.[18]
Catholic Church titles | ||
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New creation | Bishop of Cyprus 55> | Succeeded by Gelasios of Cyprus (325) |
New creation | Bishop of Milan 50-55 | Succeeded by Anathalon |
Posted on September 9, 2010 23 Comments
Gospel of Thomas or actually: The Gospel According to Thomas also known as Codex II was found in Egypt in 1945. The very interesting thing is that the book contains direct citations of Jesus Christ in 114 verses. The Gospel of Thomas was written in 340 in Coptic, but the foundations are earlier oral traditions. Here it is in the two most significant and widespread English translations as free pdf ebooks of the text that never made it to the official Christian Bible.
We also have the Gospel of Philip here: Link.
I always knew that the Christ spoke to me in words strange to the bible. This book confirms them. God bless you
There is more out there that some just do not want us to know about. It is still an attempt to control the people. There is never a period in history that some collectives are always attempting to control what we say, see, do and have.
An excellent point. I totally agree. I AM irritated by the fact that this gospel was not included in the Bible and to think that the content of the Bible was chosen by a few people who thought that current contents of the Bible was best for humanity. Outrageous!!
its has been happening for a long time.those that are in charge of these scrolls and texts change meanings, sentences and directives found in the original text.that is the cause of all wars they have fought all in the name of christianity. worse of all is that we are not sure of what to believe, we are all treading on a path we are not familiar with.everybody goes to church nowadays to show off their new dress,shoes, and to look for prospective suitors without remembering to read their bible during the week.
CORRECTION:
It is amazing how human beings have been controlled for so many years with half truths. My amazement was that the HAVE-NOTS are those who read God’s word daily. The Bible is fully controlled by higher powers who continually exert their authority over so many.
It takes a lot of knowledge to understand who created the bible and what for what was the purpose of the bible…but to control the mass,invasion,domination to name a few of the European secrets
Luke in his introduction tell us that “Many” have written about the Gospel of Jesus (Luke 1:1 KJV Forasmuch as many have taken in hand to set forth in order a declaration of those things which are most surely believed among us, Also, John at the end of his Gospel narratives says, if all what Jesus did and say we’re to be written, all the World will not contain the Books containing in his words and actions! John 21:25 KJV
[25] And there are also many other things which Jesus did, the which, if they should be written every one, I suppose that even the world itself could not contain the books that should be written. Amen.
Yet if all the sayings of Jesus and actions is put into a book after removing repetition and meaningless additions, what you will have will not be more than what a regular Newspaper contain. There are loads that the Church Fathers are keeping away from us all.
Remember all who visit here, Jesus had no tangible wealth. Only his word and how he lived and died is priceless. The church is a business. Scripture is written by man. You don’t need a businessman telling you how to think, how to act. The Lords word is written within us all. Before saying or doing, you can feel within you if its right or wrong. Those are the words that can never be altered. That is exactly how Jesus would want you to live.
Each day we must help our brethren for whom we are responsible.
Recognize with gladness that we are neither lost, nor strangers to God, but one of His good creatures, and in our Temple we shall meet people from many nations and religions.
I want very much to open my heart to help in any manner I can. Unfortunately, we are not ready yet to open our home to a complete stranger. I feel we could offer food money I know most street beggers are most likely to spend any money I might give on booze or drugs. There is that feeling of compassion however, it is greatly attenuated by their own lack of wanting to get out of the rut their in. Nevertheless, I will try to be generous and understamding and can only hope that those in need of brotherly love and financial generosity ask for help from our father in heaven or ask of help from Jesus.
Amen Amen Amen
I was greatly inspired and moved to search the web after watching the movie, STIGMATA. Though I have heard and read about how religious leaders (in Christendom) fight teeth and nails to hide the truth and all the scrolls of the Bible (both old and new testaments); reason for which they believed it I’ll help them have relevance and ABSOLUTE power to control the CHURCH for selfish ends. Embanking to find more about my cherished Saviour, Jesus Christ.
Don’t be deceived. This “gospel” is a forgery. It wasn’t written by Jesus’s disciple Thomas. It’s by a faker who thought it would be interesting to see his writing go somewhere.
Remember that the Word of God always always confirms itself, and this one has nothing but contradictions. They knew what they were doing when they decided to discard this writing.
Don’t be deceived.
Don’t be deceived.
I’m curious? Where does your confidence in this statement come from? It is deception? Can you show the proof? Please know my question comes not out of judgement but only love and seeking. (There’s irony in that)
I’ve recently been curious about this lost book. Can any of the translations be the true word, as they’re translations of men, sinners. I know God lives within me and I trust his guidance and will in my life.
It is well with my soul.
Blessings to you,
Kristi
The Bible is nothing but contridiction. The typical religious fanatic will ignore all contridictions and only repeat the things that sound good to them. Ford radio code v serial software.
Compassion is ‘suffering with’ – what beggars often seek is not food and money (a means to an end) but to be recognised as a human being experiencing life’s ups and downs just as you are. Don’t assume all beggars drink or do drugs. That they no longer see value in a steady job or a nice home and car is not to be dismissed, but explored. Jesus did not earn a living, but relied on the compassion of those around him for food and shelter. No doubt a beggar could teach you a thing or two about life, instead of valuing financial security, and perhaps even help you get out of the rut you may be in – to be in the world but not of the world…
Was Apostle Thomas alive in 340 AD to have written this book?
It is very important that this book is very good to know more about secret of all hidden points of God and in human way of deceiving whole world , if he was alive in 340 AD therefore to me there most be a lots of things hidden from God words but those who should be blamed are those who translating the Bible, therefore it came out that it became the business without an end. I would like to go further more to comforting our aim , indeed if not the church and those who concerned for Bibles should be responsible for deceiving the whole world.
If it,s true , 340 AD Thomas written this book, there are more hidden from God words. It became the business without an end.
It is really true if so , there most an hidden agenda about God.
Interesting comments, but if you not believe the words written in spirit, then you cannot believe god exists and if you believe the devil exist, and god explain his existence, then how can you not believe Thomas wrote this book as well,
the half-truths and the missing chronology are dangerous!
Greetings! I like your reminder regarding Luke 21:25. It is important that we remember the complexity of the gospels and the hidden words of Jesus Christ as he taught the world! Imagine if we had access to majority of the missing books of the Bible beyond the Septuagint.
Prophet Morgan
Didn’t Jesus disciple, Thomas went to India for his mission to spread gosepl…
I think in those days as gospel was wide spreading there was also a different other gospel in the name of disciples published to gain popularity or for the sake of money…
Because their was a lot of conversions going on and those time it was revolution in religions… It might have given arrise for various unreliable stories associated with Jesus which is a conspiracy gospel.
We can see paul clearly waning the early church about such gospels.
Galatians 1:8,9
8 But though we, or an angel from heaven, preach any other gospel unto you than that which we have preached unto you, let him be accursed.
9 As we said before, so say I now again, if any man preach any other gospel unto you than that ye have received, let him be accursed.
Cause that could be the time all sorts of imaginary things are associated to the gospels.
As we can see at that time period history saw origin of religions based on those conspiracy gosepls.
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